青海師范大學(xué)中國語言文學(xué)一級(jí)學(xué)科研究生通識(shí)課程
“跨文化中國學(xué)研究方法論”第十講
李正榮教授《涅克拉索夫定義俄羅斯》
主講教授簡介：李正榮，北京師范大學(xué)教授，俄羅斯文學(xué)研究專家。北京師范大學(xué)跨文化研究院副院長、北京師范大學(xué)基督教文學(xué)研究中心主任。高校外國文學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)常務(wù)理事。主要出版著作有《托爾斯泰傳》、《托爾斯泰的體悟與托爾斯泰的小說》等多種，整理出版其導(dǎo)師劉寧先生的遺著《跨文化俄蘇文學(xué)訪談錄》。獲俄羅斯文學(xué)會(huì)頒發(fā)的萊蒙托夫獎(jiǎng)?wù)?，多次獲北京市優(yōu)秀教學(xué)成果獎(jiǎng)。李正榮教授在“教育援青”人文學(xué)科建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)用書中撰寫并出版《俄羅斯十九世紀(jì)文學(xué)十講》，并為青海師大文學(xué)院研究生授課，共兩講，本次是第二講。
青海師范大學(xué)中國語言文學(xué)一級(jí)學(xué)科“跨文化中國學(xué)研究方法論”研究生課進(jìn)入第十講，時(shí)間是2022年5月14日，主講人為北京師范大學(xué)李正榮教授，題目是《涅克拉索夫定義俄羅斯》。青海師范大學(xué)文學(xué)院、青海師范大學(xué)高原科學(xué)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究院、北京師范大學(xué)跨文化研究院、北京外國語大學(xué)、南開大學(xué)等校師生近80人上線聽講。青海師范大學(xué)文學(xué)院副院長劉曉林教授主持本課。
此講為李正榮教授為本學(xué)期研究生系列課程準(zhǔn)備的第二講，與第一講有關(guān)，也有差別。本講介紹涅克拉索夫，與上一講介紹的陀思妥耶夫斯基相比，他們都是距今兩百多年的俄羅斯著名作家，但身后的命運(yùn)大不相同，一個(gè)冷，一個(gè)熱。李正榮教授今天重點(diǎn)講被冷落者。
自20世紀(jì)60年代以來，世界人文革命領(lǐng)域發(fā)生了巨大變革，同時(shí)全球范圍內(nèi)的冷戰(zhàn)也在延續(xù)，一批名人被“凍住(frozen)”。此后人文科學(xué)的一個(gè)任務(wù)就是“解凍”。李正榮教授告訴師生他怎樣“解凍”。
一、下定義(definition)
此指把涅克拉索夫放到他所結(jié)交甚篤的別林斯基等思想家群體中考察，放到他所投身的革命民主主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中定位，放到他滿腔熱血歌頌的十二月黨人理想層面界定，放到他的歷史時(shí)代與社會(huì)思潮中定義，以及放到他對托爾斯泰的褒揚(yáng)和對陀思妥耶夫斯基的鼓勵(lì)看他的高度，評價(jià)他的詩篇和人民詩人形象。同學(xué)們了解到，涅克拉索夫與別林斯基、車爾尼雪夫斯基和杜勃留波夫一樣，在俄羅斯19世紀(jì)燦爛輝煌的思想成就和文學(xué)藝術(shù)成就中誕生，攜帶了非凡的深刻性，具有整體超越性，這樣就可以把定義涅克拉索夫與定義俄羅斯聯(lián)系起來。
二、內(nèi)部批評法(internal approach)
此指在文本分析上做出特殊的努力，主要是引用那些從內(nèi)部文化的根基中生長出來的文本（金絲燕《跨文化學(xué)導(dǎo)論》，2022）。李教授的做法是，設(shè)定了12個(gè)問題，一步步打開塵封的表層，進(jìn)入詩人的藝術(shù)、理性與邏輯觀念的深處，反觀如何理解其詩作的俄羅斯之問，了解怎樣從當(dāng)時(shí)、當(dāng)?shù)睾彤?dāng)事人的立場出發(fā)，評價(jià)他的創(chuàng)作所達(dá)到的俄羅斯文學(xué)典型性的高度。
三、總體批評法(integral approach)
此指影響、平行因素的作用，容易與詩人社會(huì)改革的期待結(jié)合（金絲燕《跨文化學(xué)導(dǎo)論》，2022）。李教授指出，在涅克拉索夫時(shí)期，俄羅斯進(jìn)步文人學(xué)者受到西方古典文論和黑格爾哲學(xué)的影響，也提出俄羅斯的學(xué)說。具體到涅克拉索夫，他筆下的官僚、農(nóng)民生活、地主生活與富人、彼得堡、女性、母親、兒童、大自然等，都關(guān)注被他賦予深切的關(guān)注。他將詩歌藝術(shù)作為思辨形式和文化變量加以運(yùn)用，追求詩學(xué)，奔向最高理念，再返回這些具體形象中給出答案。什么是俄羅斯婦女？那就是美麗、堅(jiān)貞、勇敢的代名詞。什么是俄羅斯男人？那就是深邃、高貴，為俄羅斯命運(yùn)而奮斗的俄羅斯人。什么是俄羅斯人民？那就是車夫、貧妻、父母、嚴(yán)寒的天氣等鮮活的眾生相。涅克拉索夫在俄羅斯的歷史、地理、社會(huì)、文化、語言和民俗中編織經(jīng)緯，其詩篇便具有歷史意義、現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和未來意義。
李教授精心分析了涅克拉索夫的長詩《誰在俄羅斯生活得好》，告訴大家，這個(gè)句式，至今還可以使用，問俄羅斯、問世界，問住在地球村的人類，誰生活得更好？這是一個(gè)具有普遍性的問題，只要它還存在，涅克拉索夫就不會(huì)被真正“凍住”。
李正榮教授《涅克拉索夫定義俄羅斯》的授課現(xiàn)場（2022年5月14日）
青海師范大學(xué)文學(xué)院副院長劉曉林教授和院長李國英教授分別做了課后總結(jié)。他們高度評價(jià)李教授的授課對于人文學(xué)科研究生課程教學(xué)的建設(shè)意義。研究生們則紛紛在網(wǎng)絡(luò)留言區(qū)發(fā)言，寫下青年人澎湃的激情、活躍的思考與滿滿的收獲。
Postgraduate General Course of the First-Level Discipline
Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University
“Methodology of Transcultural Study on Chinese Society and Culture” Invites
Professor Li Zhengrong to Deliver Lecture on
“Nekrasov Defines Russia”
On May 14th 2022, the tenth lecture of “Methodology of Transcultural Study on Chinese Society and Culture”, postgraduate general course of the first-level discipline Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University, was delivered online by Professor Li Zhengrong from Beijing Normal University. The title of his lecture was “Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (Некрасов Николай Алексеевич) Defines Russia”.
Compared with Dostoyevsky introduced by Professor Li Zhengrong in his last lecture, according to him, both Nekrasov and Dostoyevsky were great writers of Russia who lived more than 200 years ago, but their fate after death was very different. One was treated coldly, the other warmly. In this lecture, Professor Li Zhengrong focused on the one who was coldly neglected.
Since the 1960s, a big change has come in the field of the humanistic revolution in the world. At the same time, the cold war has continued on a global scale, and a number of celebrities have suffered from being “frozen”. Since then, one of the tasks of the humanities has been to “unfreeze”. Professor Li Zhengrong showed teachers and students how to “unfreeze” Nekrasov.
I. Definition
It denotes the way to examine Nekrasov in the group of thinkers, such as Belinsky, with whom he is well known, evaluate him in the revolutionary democratic movement to which he devotes himself, and define him on the ideal level of the Decemberists that he is passionately singing about. Like Belinsky, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, were born in the brilliant achievements of Russian thought as well as literature and art in the 19th century, carrying extraordinary profoundness and overall transcendence, so that the definition of Nekrasov can be connected with the definition of Russia.
II Internal Approach
It refers to special efforts in textual analysis, mainly citing texts that have grown from their internal cultural roots (by Jin Siyan, 2022). The approach of Professor Li Zhengrong is also to observe Nekrasov’s question about Russia from the internal of the text.
III. Integral Approach
It refers to the combination of influence study, parallel study, and reception studies. It is easy to combine with the expectation of social reform (by Jin Siyan, 2022). According to Professor Li Zhengrong, in the period of Nekrasov, the Russian literary circle was under the influence of Greek and Roman classical literary theory and Hegelianism from Germany. As for Nekrasov, He focused on and described bureaucrats, farm life, landlords and rich men, St. Petersburg, women, mothers, children, nature, and so on. At the same time, he applied art as a form of critical thinking, pursued poetics, asked the question of Russia on the basis of the supreme idea, and gave his answer through shaping microscopic images. He combed through the evolution of Russia in history, geography, society, culture, language and folklore. Steadily and surely, such poems always have historical, present and future significance.
Professor Li Zhengrong meticulously analyzed Nekrasov’s long poem Who Lives Well in Russia? and told us that the same formula of this question, which is universal, could be used today to ask Russia, as well as the world. As long as it exists, Nekrasov cannot be truly “frozen”.
(Trans.by Li Huafang)