青海師范大學中國語言文學一級學科研究生通識課程
“跨文化中國學研究方法論”第八講
李正榮教授《陀思妥耶夫斯基小說的黑、白和灰度》
主講教授簡介：李正榮，北京師范大學教授，俄羅斯文學研究專家。北京師范大學跨文化研究院副院長、北京師范大學基督教文學研究中心主任。高校外國文學教學學會常務(wù)理事。主要出版著作有《托爾斯泰傳》、《托爾斯泰的體悟與托爾斯泰的小說》等多種，整理出版其導師劉寧先生的遺著《跨文化俄蘇文學訪談錄》。獲俄羅斯文學會頒發(fā)的萊蒙托夫獎?wù)?，多次獲北京市優(yōu)秀教學成果獎。李正榮教授在“教育援青”人文學科建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)用書中撰寫并出版《俄羅斯十九世紀文學十講》，并為青海師大文學院研究生授課，共兩講，本次是第一講。
2022年4月30日，青海師范大學中國語言文學一級學科“跨文化中國學研究方法論”研究生課開始第八講，北京師范大學李正榮教授主講，題目為《陀思妥耶夫斯基小說的黑、白和灰度》。青海師范大學文學院，青海師范大學民族師范學院、青海師范大學高原科學與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究院、北京師范大學跨文化研究院師生聽講，南開大學、南京師范大學、四川外國語大學、重慶外國語學院、寧夏大學等多所高校師生也聞訊前來聽課，現(xiàn)場師生近百人。青海師范大學文學院副院長劉曉林教授主持本課。
李正榮教授在本講中始終貫穿一個深刻的命題：要跨文化？還是要壁壘？他從意大利街頭墻面藝術(shù)家喬利特·阿戈茲和俄羅斯畫家別洛夫分別于2022年和1872年創(chuàng)作的兩幅陀思妥耶夫斯基的畫像比較開始，在兩者相差150年的時空范疇內(nèi)，分析一位俄羅斯偉大作家陀思妥耶夫斯基的不朽作品與巨人思想。在長達三個小時的授課中，他使用這一個案，將俄羅斯文學、跨文化學與圖像學的研究相結(jié)合，開展跨文本的分析，闡釋對這個關(guān)乎人類共同命運的問題的思考。以下是要點。
跨文本分析之一：走出俄羅斯，以150年為中時段，分析意大利藝術(shù)家喬利特·阿戈茲畫作要表達的觀點。意大利藝術(shù)家認為：“文化是一種普遍的價值觀”。陀思妥耶夫斯基是 “全人類的財產(chǎn)”。其《罪與罰》和《白癡》是曠世杰作，與別洛夫的畫作一樣永不磨滅。
跨文本分析之二，對作家人生進行短時段研究。陀思妥耶夫斯基生于壁壘森嚴的世界，東與西、南與北、左與右、上與下、健康與疾病，生與死，壁壘重重。他以文學打通地理、歷史、文化和心理的壁壘，帶領(lǐng)讀者透過藝術(shù)的本質(zhì)看世界。托爾斯泰在陀氏身后寫了《論生命》一書，指出生命有肉與靈的差別，肉體生命存亡寂滅，精神生命永存。陀思妥耶夫斯基也經(jīng)歷過崇高與卑劣的分裂人生，于是他更加渴望沖出壁壘。李教授說，作品分析是否要將作家人生當作要素可以討論，但將一位二百年前的作家人生作為一種跨文本來分析時，卻能讓師生切近地感受作家對逃出壁壘的強大渴望與對世界進步的追求。俄羅斯當代學者謝爾蓋·基巴里尼克是《陀思妥耶夫斯基全集》的主編和研究者，從他的研究看，把短時段的文本與中時段的文本對看，有助于讓讀者了解，在陀思妥耶夫斯基的身后，壁壘沒有實質(zhì)性的改變，改變的是對消除壁壘的各種回答。
跨文本分析之三，如何進行長時段的跨文本分析及其研究目標。李教授回望人類歷史上發(fā)生的各種跨文化運動，如商貿(mào)經(jīng)濟中的絲綢之路，哥倫布遠洋時的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)，歐洲的文藝復興運動和啟蒙思想運動等，帶領(lǐng)師生走上長時段考察的層面。這些運動各有成功，各有永恒，讓世界上許多國家共享至今。但也有少數(shù)國家出于單邊利益和貪婪的欲望，還在制造霸權(quán)，營造壁壘。于是，人們需要關(guān)注精神與物質(zhì)之間移動的全球拼圖，它們在全球化以來大量產(chǎn)生。在莫斯科，有座地鐵站，叫“陀思妥耶夫斯基站”，站內(nèi)用黑、白、灰三色，在過道和墻壁上，裝飾了陀思妥耶夫斯基的畫像及其名作《罪與罰》的插圖，成為陀氏藝術(shù)宮殿。它的外景與周圍的葉卡琳捷娜花園、俄羅斯國立軍事博物館相映照，成為莫斯科的地標。現(xiàn)在回到陀思妥耶夫斯基小說，什么是白？它象征著生命、純潔與崇高。什么是黑？它象征著死亡、黑暗與苦難。什么是灰？它象征著極為復雜的不確定因素。地鐵畫家的目的，不是要拉住旅客匆匆的行腳，而是要讓人們對類移動拼圖留下感覺和印象，對現(xiàn)實世界的不確定性增加理性的認識。
李教授闡釋本科命題的目標是告訴大家，人類多元世界未必非黑即白，還有灰?？缥幕浅绺叩睦硐?，而人們一定厭惡罪惡的壁壘，為此要拆壁壘、跨文化、共命運。
李正榮教授《陀思妥耶夫斯基小說的黑、白和灰度》的授課現(xiàn)場（2022年4月30日）
在課后評議的時段里，青海師范大學文學院副院長劉曉林教授引用魯迅稱贊陀思妥耶夫斯基為“偉大靈魂的拷問者”的話，代表廣大師生，對李正榮教授深入研究和精彩講授陀思妥耶夫斯基表達感動與感悟，他說，生命與壁壘，人人都要思考，文化價值應(yīng)該可溝通。青海師范大學文學院院長暨北師大文學院李國英教授談到，李正榮教授在北師大被評為最受歡迎的研究生導師，他治學嚴謹，教學極富魅力，本課再次展現(xiàn)了他的風采。青海師大文學院副教授王祖基博士與李正榮教授討論了陀思妥耶夫斯基作品中的“白”色調(diào)的積極意義，北師大跨文化研究院碩士研究生王碩瑀即席暢談聽課體會。其他青年教師也將在后面的授課中陸續(xù)參與討論。
Postgraduate General Course of the First-Level Discipline
Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University
“Methodology of Transcultural Study on Chinese Society and Culture” Invites
Professor Li Zhengrong to Deliver Lecture on
“Black, White, and Gray in Dostoevsky’s Novels”
On April 30th, 2022, the eighth lecture of “Methodology of Transcultural Study on Chinese Society and Culture”, postgraduate general course of the first-level discipline Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University, was delivered by Professor Li Zhengrong from Beijing Normal University. The title of his lecture was “Black, White, and Gray in Dostoevsky’s Novels”. Teachers and postgraduates from College of Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University, Normal College for Nationalities of Qinghai Normal University, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability of Qinghai Normal University, College of Transcultural Studies of Beijing Normal University attended the lecture as always. There were also teachers and students from Nankai University, Nanjing Normal University, Sichuan International Studies University, School of Foreign Languages and Cultures of Chongqing University, Ning Xia University etc. Approximately 100 participants attend the lecture online. Professor Liu Xiaolin, vice dean of College of Chinese Language and Literature of Qinghai Normal University, presided over the lecture.
A profound question ran through professor Li Zhengrong’s lecture: to be transcultural or not to be? He started from the comparison of two portraits of Dostoyevsky created by Italian street wall artist Jorit Agoch and Russian painter Belov (Василий Григорьевич Перов) separately in 2022 and 1872 respectively, and analyzed the immortal works and giant thoughts of Dostoyevsky, a great Russian writer(1821-1881), within the time-space span of 150 years between them. In the three-hour lecture, Professor Li Zhengrong made use of this case to carry out transtextual analysis by combining the theories of Russian literature, Transcultural Studies and Iconographical Research, and illustrated his thinking on this issue concerning the common destiny of mankind. Here are the main points.
Transtextual Analysis I: Distancing from Russia, taking 150 years as the middle-term research period, and analyzing the point made by Italian artist Jorit Agoch in his paintings, we can understand this Italian artist's ideas such as “culture is a universal value”, and Dostoyevsky is “the property of all mankind”.
Transtextual Analysis II: Carry out short-term study of the writer’s life. Born in a rigid world, Dostoyevsky used literature to break through geographical, historical, cultural and psychological barriers and led readers to see the world through the essence of art. Leo Tolstoy wrote a book named On Life after Dostoyevsky’s death. He pointed out that there was a difference between physical life and spirit life. The physical life would die out, but the spiritual life would remain forever. Dostoyevsky also experienced ups and downs in life, so he became more eager to break out of the barriers. Through Professor Li Zhengrong’s transtextual interpretation of the life of a writer 200 years ago, teachers and students were deeply impressed by the writer’s strong desire to escape from the barriers and the pursuit of world progress. From the research of other contemporary Russian scholars, when short-term texts are put together with middle-term texts, it is helpful for readers to understand that the barriers have not changed substantially so far, but various answers to the elimination of barriers have changed.
Transtextual Analysis III: Conduct long-term transtextual analysis and achieve its research objectives. Looking back at various transcultural movements in human history, such as the Silk Road in commerce and trade economy, Columbus’ great geographic discovery, and the Renaissance and Enlightenment movement in Europe, Professor Li Zhengrong led teachers and students to embark on a long-term investigation. Those movements met with success in different ways. Those successful experiences have been shared by many countries around the world until now. However, a few countries are still creating hegemony and building barriers out of unilateral interests. Thus, attention needs to be paid to the global jigsaw puzzle of movement between mind and matter, which has proliferated since globalization. In Moscow, there is a subway station named “Dostoyevsky Station”, which is decorated with the colors of black, white and grey. Portraits of Dostoyevsky and illustrations of his masterpiece Crime and Punishment adorn its corridors and walls, making it Dostoyevsky Art Palace. Its exterior appears together with the nearby Ekaterina Garden and the Russian Military Museum, making it a Landmark of Moscow. In Dostoevsky’s novel, white symbolizes life, purity and nobility. Black symbolizes death, darkness and suffering. Gray symbolizes of uncertainty. The aim of subway artists is not to hold passengers back, but to impress people with this kind of moving jigsaw puzzle and enhance their rational understanding of the uncertainties of the real world.
The aim of this lecture by Professor Li Zhengrong is to emphasize that the diversified world of human beings is not necessarily black or white, but also can be gray. Being transcultural is a lofty ideal. Barriers are extremely hated. Therefore, it is necessary to remove barriers, exchange the thoughts in transcultural perspective and share a common future together.